Hepatitis B: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Vaccination

Overview of Hepatitis B (HBV)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the liver, causing inflammation and potentially leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Symptoms may vary or be absent, requiring a blood test for diagnosis.

Symptoms of Hepatitis B

Symptoms of Hepatitis B may include:

• Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
• Tiredness
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea

Global Prevalence of Hepatitis B

The World Health Organisation estimates over 350 million people globally are chronically infected with HBV. High-prevalence areas include sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands.

Hepatitis B in the UK

The UK has low prevalence overall, but regional variations exist. Most new infections stem from injecting drug use or sexual exposure. Routine vaccination has significantly reduced infection rates, particularly among children and adolescents.

Transmission and Risk Factors

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through:

• Sexual contact with an infected person
• Sharing needles or syringes
• From infected mother to baby during birth
• Exposure to contaminated sharp objects at work

Unlike HIV, it is not spread through casual contact.

Vaccination and Prevention

A vaccine for Hepatitis B is available:

• Administered in 3 doses over 6 months
• It is safe and effective
• Booster doses are not recommended as immune memory persists indefinitely after vaccination

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

Employees in certain professions exposed to bloodborne pathogens should receive the HBV vaccine:

• First aid providers
• Medical and dental personnel
• Custodial staff handling medical waste
• Those assisting in bathroom care

Vaccination is offered free to these groups.