Hepatitis B Virus
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Hepatitis B: A Comprehensive Overview
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) primarily affects the liver, leading to severe health conditions such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Despite the absence of symptoms in some individuals, a blood test is essential for diagnosis.
Symptoms of Hepatitis B
- Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes.
- Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy.
- Appetite Loss: Decreased desire to eat.
- Nausea: Feeling sick to the stomach.
Global Prevalence of HBV
The World Health Organisation estimates that over 350 million people globally have chronic HBV infections. High prevalence areas include sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands, contrasting with the UK's low prevalence.
Transmission and Risk Factors
HBV is notably more infectious than HIV, surviving outside the body for up to 7 days or more. Transmission occurs through sexual contact, sharing needles, from mother to child during birth, and occupational exposures.
Key Transmission Routes:
- Sexual Contact: Main transmission route via an infected individual.
- Needle Sharing: Primarily among those who inject drugs.
- Maternal Transmission: From an infected mother to her baby during birth.
- Occupational Exposure: Through sharp objects and blood contact.
Hepatitis B Vaccination
A safe and effective vaccine against HBV is available and administered in three doses over six months. Unlike other vaccinations, HBV does not require booster shots as immunity persists indefinitely post-immunisation.
Who Needs Vaccination?
Professionals exposed to bloodborne pathogens, including first aid administrators, medical and dental office workers, and those involved in the clean-up of potentially infectious materials, are advised to receive the HBV vaccine.
Occupations at Risk:
- First Aid Providers
- Medical and Dental Office Staff
- Sanitation Workers Handling Medical Waste
Conclusion
Understanding HBV, its global prevalence, transmission routes, and the importance of vaccination is crucial in preventing the spread of this infectious disease and safeguarding public health.
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